The Problem

The North Atlantic right whale is a critically endangered whale. In the 1970s, with the first whale watches, there were estimated to be 350 right whales, and the population was growing.  Then, in 2017, right whales took a turn for the worse. By 2020, the population had fallen to 338 right whales, with only 50-70 breeding females.  We must now do more to protect and restore right whales.

Stellwagen Bank Sanctuary

In 1992, when there were about 370 right whales, the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary was established under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The first order of business was to establish its advisory council with selected individuals to represent conservation, education, research, recreational and commercial fishing, diving, whale watching, business, maritime heritage, and a youth seat. The council also included representatives from the sanctuary’s government partners, including the Coast Guard, New England Fishery Management Council, NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service, and Massachusetts state agencies.

To protect whales in the Sanctuary, an agreement was made with the U.S. Coast Guard to increase air and sea patrols. Cooperative work with the National Marine Fisheries Service, conservation organizations, and the whale-watching industry led to the development of a set of whale-watching guidelines for the Northeast Region.

Whale Disentanglement Network

The Sanctuary established an emergency whale disentanglement network with the Center for Coastal Studies and other partners. To avoid entanglements, a Sanctuary researcher developed break-away lobster trap lines that sank between pots and earned a Ph.D.

Working with the U.S. Coast Guard and the International Maritime Organization, a mandatory ship reporting system (MSRS) was implemented in July 1999. All ships traveling through the northeast right whale critical habitat (which included the sanctuary) were required to report their location, course, speed, and destination. In return, they received automated messages containing more specific information about whale sightings in the area and precautionary tactics, like changing course and speed, to avoid contact or collision with whales.

Ship Collision Avoidance System

At the Sanctuary’s urging, the Coast Guard developed a ship collision avoidance system called the Automatic Identification System (AIS). All ships over 300 gross tons were required to carry an AIS transponder and broadcast the ship’s position, course, and heading, as well as its ship particulars and cargo. This data was used to understand better ship traffic patterns and speeds concerning the distribution and abundance of whales to reduce collisions.

Sanctuary scientists worked with whale research organizations to compile twenty-five years of whale-watching data. Stellwagen Bank is a rectangular threshold, running north to south, between Massachusetts Bay and the Gulf of Maine.  Surprisingly, whale sightings were not uniform across the bank but instead shaped more like a figure eight. Northwest ship traffic to Boston bisected the lower portion of the high-density whale area. Here was the greatest risk for deadly ship strikes of whales.

Changes to the Shipping Lane & Whale Alert App

By working closely with the shipping industry and other partners in NOAA, the Sanctuary’s proposal to move the shipping channel twelve degrees more Easterly to cross the Bank in a shorter distance where whales were less abundant, thus protecting whales from getting struck by ships.  Approved in 2007, adjusting the shipping lane resulted in a 58% reduction in the risk of ship strikes for right whales and an 81% reduction for all baleen whales.

In 2008, in response to the proposed installation in Boston of two of the nation’s first offshore deepwater liquid natural gas (LNG) ports, the two LNG companies were required to install the world’s first automatic whale detection system. Ten “listening buoys” were located along the shipping channel into Boston. Sounds picked up by the buoys were recorded and sent to Cornell’s Ornithology Laboratory to identify and confirm the presence of whales. A message was sent back to activate a 10-knot slow speed zone around the buoy, and a notice was sent to LNG ships to slow down.

Seasonal slow speed zones in the presence of right whales were set up by NOAA offshore of major East Coast ports from the whale breeding ground off Jacksonville, Florida, north to Boston. Sanctuary researchers used the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to analyze the tracks and speeds of all vessels and sent annual report cards to the companies as an incentive to protect whales.

In 2012, the Whale Alert app provided a clearinghouse of information for mariners on the location of whales. The “listening buoys” documented the return of some right whales to Massachusetts as early as January.

Increasing Right Whale Population

By 2013, the right whale population had risen to 476 right whales. With an increasing population, some right whales left the Gulf of Maine for the larger Gulf of St. Lawrence.  Right whale numbers went down when researchers reported fewer whales in their usual seasonal haunts until 2015 and 2016 when forty to forty-five right whales were found north of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Researchers have identified individual right whales based on patterns of bristled facial hair and callused skin called callosities.  Examining photographs of the two sets of whales observed in Canadian waters during the two summers, researchers identified 74 individual whales.  It is unknown whether different right whales came during different summers or if the survey area was too small to include all of the whales in one summer.  What is known is that it’s very difficult to count whales in the rollicking sea.

In 2017, 100 right whales were counted in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This might not have meant more right whales because the search area was nearly doubled along with more effort. That summer, I boarded a sailing ship in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, where the locals were thrilled to see two right whales feeding in the Bay of Islands. I doubt these whales were counted, as they were outside of the survey area.

Unusual Mortality Event

We anchored for the night near the mouth of the bay in Lark Harbor.  At sunset, a rainbow rose over the table-topped mountain. The next morning, clearing away from Newfoundland, a shipmate from Corner Brook told me a dead right whale had been found in Bottle Cove, which is on the outer side of the peninsula less than two miles West of Lark Harbor.  Photos of the whale carcass revealed what looked like a gray forty-foot drysuit tossed across the rocks.  It was only skin and blubber, empty of bones and internal organs.  This whale had been examined many weeks earlier, floating dead on the other side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.  It had died of a ship strike off the coast of New Brunswick.

Twelve right whales were found dead by ship strikes and entanglements in the Gulf of St. Lawrence that summer. One right whale calf had been found dead in Cape Cod Bay the previous April. 2017 was the year proclaimed by NOAA as an Unusual Mortality Event, and unfortunately, the tragic event is ongoing. The whale population is falling, with today only about 350 right whales.

We have been increasing our use of these nutrient-rich waters. Right whales are harmed by increased ship traffic, pollution including herbicides (glyphosate) from the land that bioaccumulate up food chains, shifting currents, and warming waters.  In the Gulf of Maine, phytoplankton, plants at the foundation of ocean food chains, are 65% less productive than twenty years ago.  These ocean waters are impacted by climate change. Our systemic challenges have become more complex; the solutions must be adaptive and more robust.

Solution: A New MA/RI Right Whale National Marine Sanctuary

It is time for community groups, interests and organizations to call for the MA/RI Right Whale National Marine Sanctuary to protect the right whales and this critical shoaly marine habitat through education, research, and resource protection efforts informed by an active advisory council. The sanctuary would work with community and interest groups, including conservationists, scientists, fishers, windmill and boat operators, government agencies, and others. To partner with indigenous knowledge holders, named positions on the Advisory Council would include Narraganset and Wampanoag Aquinna representatives.

Adjacent to and south of Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (842 square miles), the Right Whale NMS might be 7,000 square miles, including Cape Cod Bay, around the outer Cape across Nantucket Shoals to Block Island. The boundary may be 640 miles, including 275 miles of coastal Massachusetts and Block Island, Rhode Island.

To restore the right whale population, quarterly meetings of the Sanctuary’s Advisory Council would advance the work of the Sanctuary to develop comprehensive interagency plans, increase data sharing between academia, government, industry, and community groups to maximize the amount of data available; increase analytical rigor; develop and implement directed studies of right whale population-level changes; and work closely with local, state and government agencies to continue implementing improvements for right whales.

The lesson of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary is that right whales benefitted, and the population grew when diverse interests came together to work in collaboration at all levels of government. But Stellwagen is clearly too small for the wide-ranging right whales to protect them adequately. WORKING IN CONCERT WITH OTHERS, the MA/RI Right Whale National Marine Sanctuary protects and restores the population of right whales.